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Book3_10

    Japanese Grammar – Book 3 Lesson 10

    ■ 【interrogative】V- ば いいですか？

    Meaning: “What should I do?” or “What is the best way to do something?

    Formation:
    Interrogative word + V-ば いいですか?
    Key Point:

    This expression is used to ask for advice on how to do something or what actions to take in specific situations.

    It is used to ask about the correct way to handle something, such as customs, rules, or general advice.

    Example
    Ａ：
    友[とも]だちの　結婚式[けっこんしき]には、何[なに]を　着[き]て　行[い]けば　いいですか？ What should I wear to a friend’s wedding?
    Ｂ：
    ワンピースとか、ちょっと　きれいな　服[ふく]を　着[き]て　行[い]けば　いいと　思[おも]いますよ。 I think it is nice to wear a dress or something a little formal.

    ■ V- ては いけません／だめです

    Meaning: “You must not [verb].” / “It is not allowed to [verb].”

    Formation:

    Vて　は いけません

    Vて- ちゃ だめ (casual form)

    Key Point:

    This expression is used to prohibit an action or state that is not allowed.

    V- ては いけません is a formal or polite way to say “you must not” or “it is not allowed.”

    V- ちゃ だめ is a shortened, casual version of the same expression, often used in informal settings.

    Example
    Ａ：
    館内[かんない]は　禁煙[きんえん]です。たばこを　吸[す]っては　いけません。 Smoking is prohibited within the facilities. Please do not smoke.
    Ｂ：
    すみません 。 Sorry.
    Ａ：
    わあ、この人形[にんぎょう]　かわいい！ Wow, this doll is cute!
    Ｂ：
    触[さわ]っちゃだめ。壊[こわ]れるから。 Don’t touch it because it will break.

    ■ V- なくちゃ

    Meaning: “You must [verb].” / “You have to [verb].”

    Formation:
    Vない ＋ なくちゃ (casual form of V-なければ ならない)
    Key Point:

    This expression is used to describe something that must be done, often in a casual spoken context.

    It is a shortened, informal version of V-なければ ならない, which expresses obligation or necessity.

    V-なくちゃ is typically used in casual conversation, while V-なければ ならない is more formal.

    Example
    Ａ：
    もう　こんな時間[じかん]！ 私[わたし]、そろそろ　帰[かえ]らなくちゃ。 Wow, it is already this late? I have to get going soon.
    Ｂ：
    気[き]をつけてね。 Take care.

    ■ V- る ように、～
    ■ V- ない ように、～

    Meaning:
    “In order to [verb], [action].”
    “In order not to [verb], [action].”

    Formation:

    V(dictionary-form) ＋ように、[action]

    V(ナイ-form) ＋ ように、[action]

    Key Point:

    This expression is used to explain the purpose or goal of an action.

    The part before ように expresses the desired outcome or condition that the speaker aims to achieve with the following action.

    Verbs expressing capability like わかる (to understand) or できる (can do) can be used with ように.

    Verbs expressing intention like 働[はたら]く (to work) cannot be used with ように directly.

    Example
    だれでも　わかるように、簡単[かんたん]な　日本語[にほんご]で　説明[せつめい]してください。 Please use simple Japanese to explain so anyone can understand.
    交通[こうつう]事故[じこ]に　あわないように、横断[おうだん]歩道[ほどう]を　渡[わた]ったほうが　いいですよ。 It is better to cross at the crosswalk to avoid traffic accidents.

    ■ V-（ら）れます ＜ Passive ②＞

    Meaning: To be [verb]-ed by [someone].

    Formation:

    V-（ら）れます (passive form)

    Group 1（u-verbs): Change the final “u” to “a” + れます

    Group 2 (る-verbs): Vる + られます

    Group 3 (Irregular verbs):

    する → されます

    来[く]る → 来[こ]られます

    Key Point:

    The passive form is used when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of an action.

    “に” or “から” indicates the agent (the person performing the action).

    Common expressions include:

    ～と言[い]われる (to be told),

    呼[よ]ばれる (to be called),

    しかられる (to be scolded).

    Example
    Ａ：
    うれしそうですね。 You seem happy.
    Ｂ：
    はい 。 先生[せんせい]に、よく　がんばったと　言[い]われました。 Yes. My teacher told me I did a good job.
    子[こ]どものとき、よく　母[はは]に　しかられました。 I was often scolded by my mother when I was a child.

    ■ S（plain-form）の？

    Meaning: Asking a question.

    Formation:
    S（plain-form）+ の？
    Key Point:

    This expression is used to ask for an explanation or reason about a situation, often when you are surprised or want to confirm something.

    In casual speech, の? is used in place of んですか?.

    In more formal speech, you can use ～んですか? instead.

    Example
    Ａ：
    どうしたの？　元気[げんき]ないね。何[なに]か　あったの？ What’s the matter? You look down. Did anything happen?
    Ｂ：
    うん、…… Well…..

    ■ V- なきゃ

    Meaning: You must [V].

    Formation:
    Vない + なきゃ (shortened form of なければ)
    Key Point:

    This expression is a casual way of saying ～なければ ならない (must do [V]).

    The full form is V-なきゃ ならない, but ならない is often omitted, leaving V-なきゃ.

    It is commonly used in spoken language, especially in informal settings.

    Example
    Ａ：
    だめ 。 電車[でんしゃ]に　乗[の]るときは、ちゃんと　列[れつ]に　並[なら]ばなきゃ。 No. You must properly stand in line to ride a train.
    Ｂ：
    えー、そうなの！？ Really?