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Book2_15

    Japanese Grammar – Book 2 Lesson 15

    ■ ~んです ②

    Meaning: “The reason is that ~” / “I’m explaining that ~”

    Formation:

    Noun + なんです

    ナ-adjectiveな + んです

    イ-adjectiveい+ んです

    Key Point:

    Used to explain your condition or situation, especially in medical or personal contexts.

    Commonly appears when describing symptoms or something unusual about yourself.

    When listing multiple symptoms or explanations, use the テ-form to connect them.

    If you’re worried about someone’s condition and want to ask gently, use:

    ・どうしたんですか? (What happened?)

    ・Doctors may ask more formally: どうしましたか?

    Example
    医者[いしゃ] : 今日[きょう]は、どうしましたか? Doctor: What is wrong with you today?
    患者[かんじゃ] : 頭[あたま]が 痛[いた]くて、吐[は]き気[け]が するんです。 Patient: I have a headache and nausea.
    医者[いしゃ] : いつからですか? Doctor: Since when?

    A:
    腕[うで]の けが、どうしたんですか? What happened to your arm?
    B:
    自転車[じてんしゃ]で 転[ころ]んだんです。 I fell off my bicycle.
    A:
    気[き]をつけてくださいね。 Please take care.

    ■ V-ないでください

    Meaning: “Please don’t do (V).”

    Formation:
    Verb (ナイ-form) + で ください
    Key Point:

    Used to instruct or request someone not to do something.

    It is a polite negative request, often used in formal situations, such as doctor’s instructions or workplace guidelines.

    V-ないで(plain instruction)

    V-ないで くれる?(casual request)

    V-ないで もらえませんか?(polite request)

    → Use depending on the relationship and situation.

    Example
    A :
    風邪[かぜ]ですね。しばらく、激[はげ]しい 運動[うんどう]を しないで ください。 You have a cold. Do not engage in any vigorous physical activity for a while.
    B:
    お風呂[ふろ]に 入[はい]っても いいですか? Can I take a bath?
    A:
    熱[ねつ]が ありますから、今日[きょう]は、入[はい]らないで ください。 You have a fever, so please do not take a bath today.

    ■ V(plain-form)+ N①

    Meaning: “N that does V” / “N which V”

    Formation:
    Verb (plain-form / dictionary-form) + noun
    Key Point:

    Used to qualify nouns with verbs, just like adjectives qualify nouns.

    The plain-form (dictionary-form) of a verb is placed before a noun to describe what the noun does or what it is for.

    Common pattern for explaining the function or effect of something, especially medicine or tools.

    Verbs in this structure always appear in their plain form (dictionary form for non-past affirmative verbs).

    Example
    せきを おさえる 薬[くすり] = medicine that suppresses coughing → from: 薬[くすり]は、せきを おさえます。

    熱[ねつ]を 下[さ]げる 薬[くすり] = medicine that reduces fever → from: 薬[くすり]は、熱[ねつ]を 下[さ]げます。

    胃[い]を 守[まも]る 薬[くすり] = medicine that protects the stomach → from: 薬[くすり]は、胃[い]を 守[まも]ります。

    A:
    これは 何[なん]の 薬[くすり]ですか? What is this medicine for?
    B:
    熱[ねつ]を 下[さ]げる 薬[くすり]です。胃[い]を 守[まも]る 薬[くすり]と いっしょに 飲[の]んでください。 This medicine is for reducing a fever. Please take it with a medicine to protect your stomach.

    ■ V-る前[まえ]に、~ ■ V-たあと、~

    Meaning: “Before doing V, ~” / “After doing V, ~

    Formation:

    V (dictionary-form) + 前[まえ]に

    V (タ-form) + あと(で)

    Key Point:

    These expressions are used to indicate the order of actions.

    前[まえ]に is used before doing something, connected to the dictionary form of the verb.

    あと(で) is used after doing something, connected to the タ-form of the verb.

    Example
    A:
    この薬[くすり]は、いつ 飲[の]みますか? When should I take this medicine?
    B:
    白[しろ]い 薬[くすり]は、ご飯[はん]を 食[た]べたあと、飲[の]んでください。 Please take the white pill after meals.

    カプセルは、寝[ね]る 前[まえ]に、飲[の]んでください。 Please take the capsule before bedtime.

    ■ ~とき(に)、~

    Meaning: “When ~” / “At the time of ~

    Formation:

    V (dictionary-form / タ-form / ナイ-form) + とき(に)

    N + の + とき(に)

    ナ-adjectiveな + とき(に)

    イ-adjectiveい + とき(に)

    Key Point:

    Used to indicate a specific time or situation.

    When followed by は as in “~ときは、”, it marks the topic of the sentence.

    Example
    A : この薬[くすり]は、いつ 飲[の]みますか? When should I take this medicine?
    B : 高[たか]い 熱[ねつ]が 出[で]たとき 飲[の]んでください。 Please take it when you have a high fever.

    風邪[かぜ]のときは、温[あたた]かくして、よく 休[やす]んでください。 When you have a cold, keep warm and get plenty of rest.