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Book2_18

    Japanese Grammar – Book 2 Lesson 18

    ■ S（plain-form）そうです

    Meaning: I heard that S” / “It seems that S (from what I heard or read)

    Formation:
    Sentence in plain-form + そうです
    Key Point:

    This expression is used to report information you’ve heard or read from another source.

    It is commonly used when sharing news such as birth, marriage, moving, etc.

    Example
    Ａ ： 来月[らいげつ]、結婚[けっこん]するそうですね。おめでとうございます。 I heard that you are getting married next month. Congratulations.
    Ｂ ： ありがとうございます。 Thank you.

    ■ 【person】に【thing】を　あげます

    Meaning: Give something to someone

    Formation:
    Person + に + Thing + を + あげます
    Key Point:

    あげます (あげる) is used when you or someone gives something to another person.

    The particle に marks the recipient, and を marks the thing given

    Example
    Ａ ： 明日[あした]は、トアンさんの　誕生日[たんじょうび]ですね。みんなで、何[なに]か　あげませんか？ Tomorrow is Toan-san’s birthday. How about we give her something together?
    Ｂ ： いいですね。じゃあ、ケーキと　花[はな]を　あげましょう。 Sounds good. Let’s give her some cake and flowers.

    ■ S（plain-form）と　言[い]っています／と　言[い]っていました

    Meaning: “Someone said that…” / “Someone was saying that…”

    Formation:
    Quoted Sentence (plain-form) + と + 言[い]っています／言[い]っていました
    Key Point:

    Used to report what someone said directly.

    The quoted content is in plain-form, even if the speaker used polite style originally.

    The particle と is used to quote what was said.

    言[い]っています is used when the person still says it or says it regularly.

    言[い]っていました is used when you are reporting something heard in the past.

    This differs from ～そうです, which can include information from indirect sources like TV or the internet.

    Example
    Ａ：
    さっき、 山田[やまだ]さんから　電話[でんわ]が　ありましたよ。 You had a phone call from Yamada-san earlier.
    Ｂ：
    何[なに]か　言[い]ってましたか？ What did he say?
    Ａ：
    また　あとで　電話[でんわ]すると　言[い]ってました。 He said he would call you again later.

    ■ S（plain-form）と　思[おも]います

    Meaning: I think that S.” / “In my opinion, S.

    Formation:
    Quoted Sentence (plain-form) + と + 思[おも]います
    Key Point:

    Used to express personal opinions or thoughts.

    The quoted part is in the plain-form, regardless of whether the sentence is originally polite.

    The particle と is used to mark what is being thought.

    When giving your own opinion, use 思[おも]います.

    Example
    A : 明日[あした]の　パーティーは　何人[なんにん]ぐらい　来[き]ますか？ How many people are coming to the party tomorrow?
    Ｂ ： 10人[にん]ぐらいだと　思[おも]います。 I think about ten people.
    Ａ ： 佐藤[さとう]さん、来[く]るでしょうか？ Will Sato-san come?
    Ｂ ： 忙[いそ]がしいと　言[い]っていましたから、来[こ]ないと　思[おも]いますよ。 I heard that he was busy, so I doubt that he will come.