■ ~んです ②
Meaning: “The reason is that ~” / “I’m explaining that ~”
Noun + なんです
ナ-adjectiveな + んです
イ-adjectiveい+ んです
Used to explain your condition or situation, especially in medical or personal contexts.
Commonly appears when describing symptoms or something unusual about yourself.
When listing multiple symptoms or explanations, use the テ-form to connect them.
If you’re worried about someone’s condition and want to ask gently, use:
・どうしたんですか? (What happened?)
・Doctors may ask more formally: どうしましたか?
■ V-ないでください
Meaning: “Please don’t do (V).”
Used to instruct or request someone not to do something.
It is a polite negative request, often used in formal situations, such as doctor’s instructions or workplace guidelines.
V-ないで(plain instruction)
V-ないで くれる?(casual request)
V-ないで もらえませんか?(polite request)
→ Use depending on the relationship and situation.
■ V(plain-form)+ N①
Meaning: “N that does V” / “N which V”
Used to qualify nouns with verbs, just like adjectives qualify nouns.
The plain-form (dictionary-form) of a verb is placed before a noun to describe what the noun does or what it is for.
Common pattern for explaining the function or effect of something, especially medicine or tools.
Verbs in this structure always appear in their plain form (dictionary form for non-past affirmative verbs).
■ V-る前[まえ]に、~ ■ V-たあと、~
Meaning: “Before doing V, ~” / “After doing V, ~
V (dictionary-form) + 前[まえ]に
V (タ-form) + あと(で)
These expressions are used to indicate the order of actions.
前[まえ]に is used before doing something, connected to the dictionary form of the verb.
あと(で) is used after doing something, connected to the タ-form of the verb.
■ ~とき(に)、~
Meaning: “When ~” / “At the time of ~
V (dictionary-form / タ-form / ナイ-form) + とき(に)
N + の + とき(に)
ナ-adjectiveな + とき(に)
イ-adjectiveい + とき(に)
Used to indicate a specific time or situation.
When followed by は as in “~ときは、”, it marks the topic of the sentence.