■ V (imperative-form)
■ V-るな (imperative-form of prohibition)
Meaning:
>V (imperative-form) is used to give firm instructions or orders to do something.
V-るな (imperative-form of prohibition) is used to instruct or order someone not to do something.
Imperative-form
Group 1（u-verbs): Change the final “u” to “e”
（e.g., 行[い]く( iku ) → 行[い]け (ike) ）
Group 2 (る-verbs): V-る + ろ
（e.g., 食[た]べる → 食[た]べろ）
Group 3 (Irregular verbs):
する → しろ
来[く]る → 来[こ]い
Imperative-form of prohibition
Group 1,23 : V (dictionary-form) ＋ な
（ e.g., :（行[い]く → 行[い]くな、食[た]べる → 食[た]べるな、する → するな、来[く]る → 来[く]るな ）
Imperative-form is used to firmly instruct someone to do something (e.g., こっちに 集[あつ]まれ = Gather over here).
V-るな is used to prohibit someone from doing something (e.g., 走[はし]るな = Don’t run).
V-て and V-ないで can also be used to give instructions, but imperative-forms are firmer.
Imperative-forms can be used in cheering, such as 行[い]け! (Go for it!), がんばれ! (Keep it up!), and 負[ま]けるな! (Stick to it!).
■ V-ないように してください
Meaning: “Please try not to [verb].”
This expression is used to ask someone to make an effort not to do something.
It is a polite way to give instructions or precautions to avoid an action.
It is used when you want the other person to pay attention and make an effort not to perform the action.
Example: できるだけ 煙[けむり]を 吸[す]わないように してください (Please try not to inhale smoke as much as possible).
■ V-（られ）なく なります
Meaning: It will become impossible to [verb].
V (intransitive verb)ない ＋ なく なります
Example: 開[あ]く(to open) → 開[あ]かない → 開[あ]かなく なります(becoming unable to open)
V (negative-potential-form)ない ＋ られなく なります
Example: ねる(to sleep) → ねられない → ねられなく なります( becoming unable to sleep)
This expression is used to describe a change to a state where something becomes impossible to do.
It is commonly used with intransitive verbs and the potential-form to describe actions that will no longer be possible.
You can express changes in abilities or states, such as becoming unable to escape or move.
■ S ても、～
Meaning: “Even if [S], [verb].”
V (テ-form) ＋ も
イ-Adjectiveい ＋ くても
ナ-Adjectiveな ＋ でも
Noun ＋ でも
This structure is used to express that something happens or is done even if a certain event or condition occurs.
It can also be used with expressions like もし (if) or 万[まん]が一[いち] (if by any chance).
Common usage includes conditional scenarios where an action is performed despite the situation.
■ V（plain-form）か どうか、～
Meaning: “Whether or not [V], [verb].”
This expression is used when you are unsure about whether a specific condition or action is happening,
such as 店[みせ]が 開[あ]いているか どうか (whether the store is open or not).
か どうか is used to ask whether something is the case or not, without needing a direct question word like “what” or “when.”